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What does "asa 400" refer to?

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often seen notated as "ISO/ASA", is an indication of the speed with which film "accepts" light. I.e an ASA 100 film requires MORE light to achieve the same exposure as an ASA 400 film. The number indicates how "fast" the film is. One might use 100 for an outdoor daylight football game, but use 400 for an indoor basketball game. 

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this is a good answer but I would like to add to this. The deal with ISO more specifically is this. The lower the ISO like "100" is for fine detail. The photo will have no grain to it but, the drawback to it is it requires more light to keep your shutter speed up so that there is no blur in your shot. That is why the higher ISO'd like 1000 or above are used for action shots where you want a still frame shot with no blur. The other benefit to higher ISO's are they require less light therefore it offers you an even higher shutter speed which reinforces the above statement about still framing the shot. The drawback to high ISO's especially those that are way high 2000 or above on the new dslr's are that the shot gets what photographers call "noise" in the shot, simply put the shot looks grainy! Now get this, what used to be a bad thing "grain" a lot of photographers are adding this grain/noise into the shot intentionally in post productions like photoshop etc.... So all in all there is no correct answer when it comes to the shot quality. This should make no non-sense out of ISO values

yeah., the lower the ISO., the sharper the image. if you add more ISO on your camera., it adds up grains on your picture. but it really depends how advanced your camera is. In shooting industial photography, some shots really need low ISO to capture the texture of the different things u see in factories like gate valves , pipes and some rusted mechanism. the best way is to try it out what suits you.

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